Rajasthan Judicial Service (RJS) Hindu Law & Muslim Law Syllabus

Rajasthan Judicial Service (RJS) Hindu Law & Muslim Law: topic-wise syllabus

1. 1

   Sources and Schools of Hindu Law

   • Ancient Sources: Shruti, Smriti, Digest, Commentaries, Custom
   • Modern Sources: Legislation, Equity, Justice, Good Conscience, Precedent
   • Mitakshara School (Benares, Mithila, Dravida, Maharashtra branches)
   • Dayabhaga School (Bengal and Assam): Differences from Mitakshara
   • Who is Hindu: Application of Hindu Law (Section 2, Hindu Marriage Act)
2. 2

   Hindu Marriage Act, 1955

   Marriage

   • Conditions for Hindu Marriage (Section 5): Monogamy, Age, Sapinda, Degrees of Prohibited Relationship
   • Ceremonies and Registration (Sections 7-8): Saptapadi, Vivaha Homa
   • Void and Voidable Marriages (Sections 11-12): Bigamy, Sapinda Relationship, Impotency, Consent
   • Restitution of Conjugal Rights (Section 9): Scope, Defence: Reasonable Excuse
   • Judicial Separation (Section 10): Grounds, No Bar to Divorce
   • Case Law: Pinninti Venkataramana v State (Bigamy); Sarla Mudgal v Union of India (Conversion)
3. 3

   Divorce and Maintenance

   • Grounds for Divorce (Section 13): Adultery, Cruelty, Desertion, Conversion, Insanity, Leprosy
   • Special Grounds for Wife (Section 13(2)): Pre-Act Marriage, Rape, Option of Puberty
   • Divorce by Mutual Consent (Section 13B): 6 Month Separation
   • Irretrievable Breakdown of Marriage: Judicial Recognition sans Legislation
   • Maintenance (Section 24): Pendente Lite, Permanent Alimony (Section 25)
   • Case Law: Naveen Kohli v Neelu Kohli (Irretrievable Breakdown); Shabana Bano v Imran Khan (Muslim Wife's Right under Section 125)
4. 4

   Joint Hindu Family, Coparcenary, and Karta

   • Mitakshara Joint Family: Concept of Coparcenary, Sapinda Relationship
   • Coparcenary Property vs Separate Property: Four Sources
   • Karta: Position, Powers (Alienation: Legal Necessity, Benefit of Estate), Limitations
   • Partition (Vibhaga): Severance of Status, Mode, Reopening, Reunion
   • 2005 Amendment: Daughter as Coparcener by Birth (Section 6)
   • Case Law: Prakash v Phulavati (2005 Amendment Retrospective); Vineeta Sharma v Rakesh Sharma (Daughter's Coparcenary Right)
5. 5

   Hindu Succession Act, 1956

   • Intestate Succession (Section 8): Class I Heirs (Schedule), Class II Heirs, Agnates, Cognates
   • Devolution of Interest in Coparcenary (Section 6 as amended 2005)
   • Property of Female Hindu (Section 14): Full Owner, Restricted Estate Abolished, Exceptions
   • General Rules of Succession (Sections 18-23): Full Blood Preferred, Predeceased Child
   • Murderer Disqualified (Section 25), Succession of Widow Re-marrying (Section 24, now repealed)
   • Case Law: V Tulasamma v Sesha Reddy (Section 14); C Masilamani v Idol of Sri Swaminathaswami
6. 6

   Adoption, Guardianship, and Wills

   • Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956: Capacity (Section 7-8), Ceremonies (Section 11), Effects (Section 12)
   • Who Can Give in Adoption (Section 9), Who Can Be Adopted (Section 10)
   • Maintenance of Wife, Widowed Daughter-in-law, Parents (Sections 18-22)
   • Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956: Natural Guardian (Section 6), Powers (Section 8)
   • Wills: Testate Succession, Indian Succession Act 1925 applicable
7. 7

   Sources and Schools of Muslim Law

   • Primary Sources: Quran, Sunna/Hadith, Ijma (Consensus), Qiyas (Analogy)
   • Secondary Sources: Custom, Legislation, Judicial Precedent, Equity
   • Sunni Schools: Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi, Hanbali
   • Shia School: Ithna Ashari (Follower of Jafari School)
   • Application in India: Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937
8. 8

   Nikah

   Muslim Marriage

   • Definition of Nikah: Civil Contract, Essentials: Proposal and Acceptance
   • Capacity: Puberty (Buluqh), Sound Mind, Free Consent
   • Kinds of Marriage: Sahih (Valid), Batil (Void), Fasid (Irregular)
   • Prohibited Relationships: Consanguinity, Affinity, Fosterage, Unlawful Conjunction
   • Mahr (Dower): Definition, Kinds (Prompt, Deferred), Wife's Right, Quantification
   • Case Law: Abdul Kadir v Salima (Mahr); Ghulam Sakina v Umar Baksh (Consent)
9. 9

   Talaq

   Divorce

   • Talaq: Meaning, Nature — Extrajudicial, Triple Talaq Now Void (Shah Bano, Triple Talaq Act 2019)
   • Kinds of Talaq: Talaq-e-Sunnat (Ahsan, Hasan), Talaq-e-Biddat (Triple — Now Void)
   • Talaq by Wife: Delegated (Tafweez), Lien (Khula), Mubarat
   • Judicial Divorce: Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act 1939 — Grounds
   • Iddat: Period of Waiting, Purposes, Duration
   • Maintenance: Section 125 CrPC, Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act 2019
   • Case Law: Shayara Bano v Union of India (Triple Talaq); Danial Latifi v Union of India (Maintenance); Mohd Ahmed Khan v Shah Bano
10. 10

    Succession and Inheritance

    • Sunni Law of Inheritance: The Twelve Heirs (Quranic/Husband/Wife/Mother/Grandmother/Father/Daughter/etc.)
    • Shia Law of Inheritance: Classification of Heirs, Differences from Sunni Law
    • Wills (Wasiyat): Testamentary Power, 1/3 Rule Without Heirs' Consent
    • Administration of Estate: Legal Representative, Probate, Letters of Administration
11. 11

    Gifts (Hiba) and Wakf

    • Hiba: Definition, Essentials — Declaration, Acceptance, Delivery of Possession
    • Gift of Mushaa (Undivided Share): When Valid
    • Hiba-bil-Iwaz and Hiba-ba-Shart-ul-Iwaz: Gift with Exchange
    • Pre-emption (Shuf'a): Right of Prior Purchase (Muslim law applicable in UP, Bihar, WB)
    • Wakf: Definition, Essentials, Permanent Dedication, Muta Walli
    • Wakf Act 1995: Central Wakf Council, State Wakf Board, Powers
    • Case Law: Anjuman Ahmadiyya v Joint Registrar (Wakf); Sazuki v State of UP (Pre-emption)